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1 Gramme, Zénobe Théophile
[br]b. 4 April 1826 Jehay-Bodignée, Belgiumd. 20 January 1901 Bois de Colombes, Paris, France[br]Belgian engineer whose improvements to the dynamo produced a machine ready for successful commercial exploitation.[br]Gramme trained as a carpenter and showed an early talent for working with machinery. Moving to Paris he found employment in the Alliance factory as a model maker. With a growing interest in electricity he left to become an instrument maker with Heinrich Daniel Rühmkorff. In 1870 he patented the uniformly wound ring-armature dynamo with which his name is associated. Together with Hippolyte Fontaine, in 1871 Gramme opened a factory to manufacture his dynamos. They rapidly became a commercial success for both arc lighting and electrochemical purposes, international publicity being achieved at exhibitions in Vienna, Paris and Philadelphia. It was the realization that a Gramme machine was capable of running as a motor, i.e. the reversibility of function, that illustrated the entire concept of power transmission by electricity. This was first publicly demonstrated in 1873. In 1874 Gramme reduced the size and increased the efficiency of his generators by relying completely on the principle of self-excitation. It was the first practical machine in which were combined the features of continuity of commutation, self-excitation, good lamination of the armature core and a reasonably good magnetic circuit. This dynamo, together with the self-regulating arc lamps then available, made possible the innumerable electric-lighting schemes that followed. These were of the greatest importance in demonstrating that electric lighting was a practical and economic means of illumination. Gramme also designed an alternator to operate Jablochkoff candles. For some years he took an active part in the operations of the Société Gramme and also experimented in his own workshop without collaboration, but made no further contribution to electrical technology.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsKnight Commander, Order of Leopold of Belgium 1897. Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur. Chevalier, Order of the Iron Crown, Austria.Bibliography9 June 1870, British patent no. 1,668 (the ring armature machine).1871, Comptes rendus 73:175–8 (Gramme's first description of his invention).Further ReadingW.J.King, 1962, The Development of Electrical Technology in the 19th Century, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, Paper 30, pp. 377–90 (an extensive account of Gramme's machines).S.P.Thompson, 1901, obituary, Electrician 66: 509–10.C.C.Gillispie (ed.), 1972, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, Vol. V, New York, p. 496.GWBiographical history of technology > Gramme, Zénobe Théophile
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2 Electricity
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Gramme, Zénobe-Théophile — ▪ Belgian scientist born April 4, 1826, Jehay Bodegnée, Belg. died Jan. 20, 1901, Bois Colombes, France Belgian born electrical engineer who invented (1869) the Gramme dynamo, a continuous current electrical generator that gave a major… … Universalium
Gramme, Zénobe-Théophile — ► (18261901) Electricista belga. Construyó, en 1872, la primera dinamo industrialmente utilizable … Enciclopedia Universal
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Zénobe Gramme — Zénobe Théophile Gramme Zénobe Théophile Gramme (* 4. April 1826 bei Liège; † 20. Januar 1901 in Bois Colombes) war ein belgischer Konstrukteur und Erfinder. Er war Modelltischler in den Werkstätten der Compagnie l’Alliance. 1 … Deutsch Wikipedia
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Zénobe Gramme — Estatua de Zenobe Gramme en París. Nacimiento 4 de abril de 1826 Jehay Bodegnée, Bélgic … Wikipedia Español
Gramme — [gram], Zénobe Théophile, belgischer Elektrotechniker, * Jehay Bodegnée (bei Lüttich) 4. 4. 1826, ✝ Bois Colombes (bei Paris) 20. 1. 1901; wirkte ab 1856 in Paris und war wesentlich an der Entwicklung des Elektromaschinenbaus beteiligt; er… … Universal-Lexikon
Gramme — (spr. gramm ), Zénobe Théophile, Elektrotechniker, geb. 4. April 1826 in Jehay Bodignée in der Provinz Lüttich, gest. 20. Jan. 1901 in Bois Colombes bei Paris, widmete sich als Modelltischler der Compagnie Alliance in Paris der Elektrotechnik und … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon
Zénobe Gramme — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Gramme (homonymie). Zénobe Gramme Zénobe Gramme vers 1890 Naissance … Wikipédia en Français
Zénobe Gramme — Infobox Person name = Zénobe Gramme image size = 150px caption = Zénobe Gramme birth name = birth date = April 4, 1826 birth place = death date = January 20, 1901 death place = Bois Colombes, France death cause = resting place = Père Lachaise… … Wikipedia
